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2023: In retinal cells of the eyes, PEA protected them from reactive oxygen species & cell death
Effect of palmitoylethanolamide on degeneration of a human-derived retinal pigment epithelial cell induced by all-trans retinal
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36816211/

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2022: CBD topicals applied to the eyes of rabbits lowered intraocular pressure
Cannabidiol Loaded Topical Ophthalmic Nanoemulsion Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Dutch-Belted Rabbits
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36559077/

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2022: In pig eyes, CBD increased the flow of the aqueous humor (the fluid that contributes to the intraocular pressure important in eye diseases like glaucoma) via collagen contraction, the inhibition of myosin light chain (MLC) & myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) & reduced activation of RhoA
The Effects of Cannabidiol on Aqueous Humor Outflow and Trabecular Meshwork Cell Signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36230968

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2022: In healthy humans, THC reduced the intraocular pressure of their eye

The Relationship Between Plasma Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Adult Subjects

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111768/

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2022: In a mouse model of glaucoma, a stabilized nanoemulsion of CBD reduced ocular inflammation & at some dosages, helped decrease intraocular pressure

The dose-dependent effect of a stabilized cannabidiol nanoemulsion on ocular surface inflammation and intraocular pressure

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35245638/

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2022: In humans with benign essential blepharospasm (a rare neurological disorder of the eyes), medical cannabis drops greatly reduced the length of eye spasms

Medical cannabis oil for benign essential blepharospasm: a prospective, randomized controlled pilot study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35067772/

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2022: In mouse eyes injured by excess glutamate, activating the CB1 & CB2 receptors doubled the number of neural eye cells to survive

Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo Using the Activation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid Signaling System in Mammalian Eyes

https://portlandpress.com/neuronalsignal/Accepted-Manuscripts

paper

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2022: In a mouse model of dry eye syndrome, the topical application of different cannabinoids reduced inflammation, protected corneal nerves & maintained cornea sensitivity

Topical application of cannabinoid-ligands ameliorates experimental dry-eye disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34922011/

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2022: In mice with ocular blast injury, a CB2 receptor inverse agonist protected their eyes from visual deficits via the microglial cells

Raloxifene, a cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist, mitigates visual deficits and pathology and modulates microglia after ocular blast

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35143834/

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2022: In a mouse eye cell model of glaucoma, CBN caused neuroprotection of the optic nerve cells, protected from changes in the extracellular matrix & normalized intraocular pressure

Cannabinol modulates neuroprotection and intraocular pressure: A potential multi-target therapeutic intervention for glaucoma

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34921975/

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2021: How to create nano-encapsulated CBD balls for delivery into the eyeball

Cannabidiol-Loaded Mixed Polymeric Micelles of Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) And Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) For Trans-Corneal Delivery

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202111.0364/v1

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2021: Vervet monkeys possesses an endocannabinoid system in their brain’s inferior pulvinar (a region related to vision & sight)

Presence of the Endocannabinoid System in the Inferior Pulvinar of the Vervet Monkey

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/770/htm

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2021: Research in the eyes of monkeys finds that the FAAH enzyme & the endocannabinoids mediate vision from our cone photoreceptors

The Inhibition of the Degrading Enzyme Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Alters the Activity of the Cone System in the Vervet Monkey Retina

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1418

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2021: In the retinas of goldfish, the CB1 receptor & a dopamine receptor work together to modulate the day/night difference in rod-cone coupling

Interactions of cone cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D4 receptors increase day/night difference in rod-cone gap junction coupling in goldfish retina

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34252195/

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2021: In a chick model of the eye, cannabinoids are involved with the control of stem cells

Cannabinoid signaling promotes the de-differentiation and proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34231253/

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2021: In a cellular model of diabetic retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels at the back of the eye), activating the CB2 receptor decreased inflammation

Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist HU-308 Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential in Inflammatory Diabetic Retinopathy Models

https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2776401

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2021: In a rat model of glaucoma, activating the cannabinoid receptors protected the neurons associated with vision

VSN16S, an agonist of the cannabinoid receptor, reduces IOP profiles and exhibits neuroprotective properties in a rat model of glaucoma

https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2775346

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2021: In eye cells & in tadpoles, the CB1 receptors help enhance your vision & visual signaling

Endocannabinoid signaling enhances visual responses through modulation of intracellular chloride levels in retinal ganglion cells

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27501334/

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2021: In rats, modulation of the endocannabinoid system enzymes protected the retinas & displayed neuroprotection & anti-inflammatory actions

The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and dual ABHD6/MAGL enzyme inhibitors display neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions in the in vivo retinal model of AMPA excitotoxicity

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450278/

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2021: In rabbits having eye surgery, PEA reduced postoperative inflammation & scarring via the nuclear PPARα receptors that control genetic transcription

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) reduces postoperative adhesions after experimental strabismus surgery in rabbits by suppressing canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling through PPARα

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295220306341

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2020: In mice, activating their CB receptors protected both their retinas & their brains

Effect of acute and subchronic administration of (R)-WIN55,212-2 induced neuroprotection and anti inflammatory actions in rat retina: CB1 and CB2 receptor involvement

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197018620302989

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2020: In mice, the ECS is involved with the maturation of the visual system from birth to adolescence

Endocannabinoid Signaling Contributes to Experience-Induced Increase of Synaptic Release Sites From Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Visual Cortex

https://search.proquest.com/openview/06dcef27c8aa35209ce2dbb6bbb7b915/1

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2020: In mice with no CB2 receptors, they had greater visual acuity while increasing 2-AG levels also increased visual acuity

Cannabinoids affect the mouse visual acuity via the cannabinoid receptor type 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519129/

 

2020: The ECS enzymes & transporters may be a good target for the regulation of the eye's intraocular pressure

Endocannabinoid metabolism and transport as targets to regulate intraocular pressure

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483520305248

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2020: In mice, this team found the CB1 receptor in the lacrimal gland of the eye. In males, THC decreased tearing, while it had no effect in females. The males had 5x the amount of CB1 in these glands.

THC Regulates Tearing via Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32852544/

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2020: The ability of cannabis to slow dopamine transmission in the brain can be studied by changes in the responses in the retina

Oscillatory potentials abnormalities in regular cannabis users: Amacrine cells dysfunction as a marker of central dopaminergic modulation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278584620303997

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2020: In the eyes of monkeys, they found TRPV1 receptors (one of the receptors that CBD binds to most strongly)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 is expressed in the horizontal pathway of the vervet monkey retina

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-68937-9

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2020: In humans, a new double-blind study finds PEA helpful for glaucoma patients

Effect of palmitoylethanolamide on inner retinal function in glaucoma: a randomized, single blind, crossover, clinical trial by pattern-electroretinogram

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67527-z

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2020: A positive case study of using CBD oil to treat a rare eye disease

Successful Treatment of Superior Oblique Myokymia With Cannabidiol Oil

https://journals.lww.com/jneuro-ophthalmology/Citation/9000/Successful_Treatment_of_Superior_Oblique_Myokymia.98982.aspx

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2020: In rats, PEA found helpful for eye disorders via the PPARα nuclear receptors that regulate genetic transcription

PPARα-Dependent Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide Against Retinal Neovascularization and Fibrosis

https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2764802

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2020: A look at using CBD for treating blindness caused by diabetes

Cannabidiol As a Putative Novel Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Postulated Mechanism of Action as an Entry Point for Biomarker-Guided Clinical Development

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955420/

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2020: In the eyes of rats, CB1 activation helped to fine-tune visual signaling via modulation of GABA

Cannabinoid Signaling Selectively Modulates GABAergic Inhibitory Input to OFF Bipolar Cells in Rat Retina

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150246

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2020: For ocular pain & inflammation, allosteric activation of the CB1 receptor (an action of CBD) causes significant relief

Allosteric Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Ligands Reduce Ocular Pain and Inflammation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31968549

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2020: In rats, the IOP of the eye seems to be regulated by CB1 using opposing mechanisms for balance – involves CB1, GPR18 and GPR119

Evidence that cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate intraocular pressure via two opposing mechanisms

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483520304991

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2019: On targeting the ECS for eye pain & inflammation

Targetting the endocannabinoid system with orthosteric and allosteric cannabinoid ligands to reduce corneal pain and inflammation

https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/76707

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2019: Dr. ElSohly, who runs the federal pot farm at UMiss, will be developing THC eye drops

https://www.marijuanamoment.net/head-of-nations-only-federally-legal-marijuana-farm-develops-thc-eye-drops/

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2019: A hydrophilic prodrug of THC reduces intraocular pressure

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivative-Loaded Nanoformulation Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Rabbits

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31588378

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2019: In rat retinas, cannabinoids induce reduction of CB1 receptors

Endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids induce the downregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor in retina

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31199905

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2019: In mice, repairs of the cornea involve CB2

Cannabinoid CB2R receptors are upregulated with corneal injury and regulate the course of corneal wound healing

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905716

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2018: in mice, topical application of THC saw IOP lower via CB1 and GPR18 while CBD blocked the effect

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30550613

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2007: In a mouse model of autoimmune eye disease, CB2 activation lowers inflammation, inhibits autoreactive T cells & stop leukocytes traveling to inflamed tissue

Anti-inflammatory property of the cannabinoid receptor-2-selective agonist JWH-133 in a rodent model of autoimmune uveoretinitis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537989

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2006: In humans, oral THC lowered IOP and while 20 mg of CBD had no change, 40 mg of CBD caused a transient increase

Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988594

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1984: An early study of cannabinoids & IOP in rabbits

Cannabinoids in glaucoma II: the effect of different cannabinoids on intraocular pressure of the rabbit

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6329602

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1984: THC & CBD both dropped IOP but THC caused much stronger effects while full-spectrum extracts helped to ameliorate some of THC’s effects

Ocular hypotension, ocular toxicity, and neurotoxicity in response to marihuana extract and cannabidiol

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6098513

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1982: Early study on IOP & cannabinoids

Intraocular pressure following systemic administration of cannabinoids

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6295702

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1978: A comparison of the cannabinoid’s effects on IOP

A comparison of topical cannabinoids on intraocular pressure

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/680037

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1971: landmark study by Hepler and Frank first demonstrated inhaled cannabis lowered IOP

Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5109652/

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