Crohn's, Colitis & IBD
Clinical research
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​2024: For inflammatory bowel disease, a meta-analysis of 8 studies suggested cannabinoids are associated with improved disease activity & quality of life in both Crohn's disease & ulcerative colitis
Meta-analysis of the Therapeutic Impact of Cannabinoids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ibd/izae158/7743320
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2024: In a survey of people with gastrointestinal symptoms, one year of cannabis provided persistent symptom severity improvement
Relief in Gastrointestinal Symptoms with Medical Marijuana Over 1 Year
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39015606/
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2024: In people with intestinal barrier dysfunction, hemp hulls helped to restore intestinal barrier integrity
A pilot study of hemp hull bio gut fibre (BGF) to reduce intestinal permeability in IBS-BAD
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.18164?prg140729=fd0b050a-78ce-412b-bbd2-17fe7e819c54
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2024: In women with inflammatory bowel disease, a survey showed that many were uncertain about the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy & the majority never discussed cannabis use with their providers
Perceptions and Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38596807/
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2024: In children with internal bowel disease, cannabis users had increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines & differences in their T cell signaling
Priming lymphocyte responsiveness and differential T cell signaling in pediatric IBD patients with Cannabis use
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39026778/
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2024: Among Canadians with inflammatory bowel disease, a survey found an increase in their cannabis use but only half would discuss it with their physicians
Cannabis Use in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Following Legalization of Cannabis in Canada
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800569/
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2024: In a case study of someone with ADHD, tremors & irritable bowel syndrome, CBD improved all three conditions
IMPROVEMENT OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND ESSENTIAL TREMOR WITH CANNABIDIOL DESPITE USE OF METHYLPHENIDATE
https://rbnp.emnuvens.com.br/rbnp/article/view/992
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2024: In children with irritable bowel syndrome, a combination of PEA & polydatin (a derivative of resveratrol) caused a significant reduction in abdominal pain, diarrhea & saw more patients achieving complete remission
Palmitoylethanolamide and polydatin in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome: A multicentric randomized controlled trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38479039/
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2024: In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, those using cannabis needed more anesthetic & experienced a longer endoscopy, but no significant difference in length of stay in the recovery room
Cannabis Use in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Creates Significantly Greater Resource Utilization During Endoscopy
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2024: In a review of public health data on hospitalized adults with inflammatory bowel disease, there was no increase in heart attacks or strokes in people with cannabis use disorder
Is dependent cannabis use in adult hospitalizations with inflammatory bowel disease associated with major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events? Insights from National Inpatient Sample Analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376123/
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2024: In a small trial of people with irritable bowel syndrome, a mix of CBD & CBG reduced abdominal pain
Proof of Concept Open Label Trial of CBD/CBG Oral Tincture in the Management of Symptoms in Adult Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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2024: In patients with inflammatory bowel disorder, six months of medical cannabis increased their appetite but not their weight/caloric intake
Medical Cannabis Increases Appetite but Not Body Weight in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38201908/
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2024: In inflammatory bowel disease, cannabis use is associated with increased health care utilization but not with increased surgery or death
Cannabis Use in IBD Is Associated With Increased Healthcare Utilization but not With Surgery or Death
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580879/
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2024: In a retrospective study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, the cannabis users had an increased risk for corticosteroid use, emergency room visit, hospitalization, & opioid use but not an increased risk for surgery or death
The Impact of Cannabis Use on Clinical Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-based Longitudinal Cohort Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580878/
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2024: In colitis patients with an artificial pouch from surgery, the use of cannabis decreased their disease activity scores & increased their average bowel movements per day as well as quality of life
Cannabis Improves Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Pouchitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37601299/
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2023: In colitis patients, they had increased endocannabinoid levels in the mucus of their intestines
Mucosal Metabolomic Signatures in Chronic Colitis: Novel Insights into the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202306.0902/v1
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2023: Among patients with inflammatory bowel disease, cannabis use did not increase their 30-day readmission for Crohn's disease but did for ulcerative colitis
Cannabis Use and Its Association With Thirty- and Ninety-Day Hospital Readmissions for Patients Admitted for an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36895626/
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2023: In Crohn's disease, the endocannabinoid profiles may be used as a biomarker for disease flare-ups
Altered mucosal and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids, oxylipins, and endocannabinoids profiles in Crohn's disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37149256/
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2023: A survey of inflammatory bowel disease patients find that 85% of them report it improves their symptoms
A Survey of Cannabis Use among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36982049/
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2023: A review of data from the UK medical cannabis program finds that for patients with Crohn's disease & colitis, they had improved symptom scores & higher quality of life after three months of use
The effect of medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36562418/
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2022: In a survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, those who started using cannabis had less visits to the ER & less impact of symptoms on daily life
Medical Cannabis Use Patterns and Adverse Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36227025
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2022: In bone cells of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, stimulating the CB2 & TRPV1 receptors reduces the osteoporosis caused by the abundance of iron in the system
Effects of CB2 and TRPV1 Stimulation on Osteoclast Overactivity Induced by Iron in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35472140/
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2022: In public health data on patients with colitis, cannabis was associated with a lower average length of hospital stay & no increase in mortality or hospitalization cost
Impact of Marijuana in Ulcerative Colitis With Nstemi Hospitalizations: Insights From National Inpatient Sample 2016-2019.
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2022: In public health data of hospitalized people with irritable bowel syndrome, cannabis use was linked with reduced readmission
Cannabis Use is Associated With Reduced 30-Day All-cause Readmission Among Hospitalized Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Nationwide Analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33471483/
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2021: In humans with ulcerative colitis, cannabis helped with remission & quality of life but not inflammation scores
Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571293/
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2021: In patients with an inflammatory bowel diseases, treatment with cannabis seemed to improve endocannabinoid tone
Endocannabinoid Levels in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Correlate With Clinical Parameters and Are Affected by Cannabis Consumption
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34531823
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2021: In humans with IBD, this survey finds that medical cannabis helped patients with their symptoms
Attitudes towards and use of cannabis in New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an exploratory study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33651776/
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2021: In humans with Crohn's disease, CBD-rich cannabis extracts caused significant improvements to the quality of life - though no significant changes to inflammatory scores
Oral CBD-rich cannabis induces clinical but not endoscopic response in patients with Crohn's disease, a randomized controlled trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858011/
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2020: In a Phase 2 study, the CB2 receptor agonist olorinab (a drug from Arena Pharmaceuticals) helped with the abdominal pain of Crohn's disease (14 patients)
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Olorinab, a Peripherally Acting, Highly Selective, Full Agonist of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2, in a Phase 2a Study of Patients With Chronic Abdominal Pain Associated With Crohn’s Disease
https://academic.oup.com/crohnscolitis360/advance-article/doi/10.1093/crocol/otaa089/5937224
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2020: This retrospective study found in IBS patients, cannabis users tended to have shorter hospital stays and less of them
Association Between Cannabis Use and Healthcare Utilization in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7279677/
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2020: Survey finds patients using cannabis for their inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD)
Medicinal Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Survey of Perspectives, Experiences, and Current Use in Australian Patients
https://academic.oup.com/crohnscolitis360/article/2/2/otaa015/5821009
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2020: In a double-blind human study, CBD & PEA (an endogenous cannabinoid) both helped reduce permeability in the colon & appear helpful for IBS
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
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2020: In a double-blind human study, CBD & PEA (an endogenous cannabinoid) both helped reduce permeability in the colon & appear helpful for IBS
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
2019: A case study of treating the anxiety of a Chrohn's patient with CBD
A Case Report of Cannabidiol Treatment of a Crohn's Disease Patient With Anxiety Disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31834086/
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2019: Long-term cannabis use associated with improvements in IBD
Medical cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease: real-life experience of mode of consumption and assessment of side-effects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31567639
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2019: Cannabis use associated with fewer complications in colitis patients (~600 in a propensity matched retrospective cohort study)
Association between cannabis use and complications related to ulcerative colitis in hospitalized patients: A propensity matched retrospective cohort study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31393356/
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2019: In humans with IBS, the immune cells of the colon had increased expression of MOR, β-END, and CB2 (31 IBS patients)
µ-opioid receptor, β-endorphin, and cannabinoid receptor-2 are increased in the colonic mucosa of irritable bowel syndrome patients
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336406/
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2019: In humans, cannabis use reduced cancer risk in patients with Crohn’s disease – but increased other negatives (~7500 patients in a propensity-matched sample)
In-hospital outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in cannabis users: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis in the United States
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31355219
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2019: In humans with schizophrenia, cannabis protected against gut disorders
Cannabis use disorders may protect against certain disorders of the digestive organs in people with schizophrenia but not in healthy controls
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30880659
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2019: In humans with Chron's disease, users of cannabis less likely to have serious side effects
Association Between Cannabis Use and Complications Related to Crohn's Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30825109
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2019: A survey of young patients with IBD found cannabis extracts helpful
Cannabis Oil Use by Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30801394/
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2019: In humans with IBD & colon cancer, many changes in ECS levels
Members of the endocannabinoid system are distinctly regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30787385
2019: In a human double-blind study, both CBD & PEA reduced inflammation & reducing permeability in the human colon
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo—A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
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2019: CB2 agonist helps with IBD
Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist promotes parameters implicated in mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2050640619889773
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2017: A small study of CBD for Crohn’s found no benefit – but they used a very very low amount of CBD
Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349233
2014: Canadian survey shows cannabis helps IBD but worsens prognosis for Crohn’s
Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407485
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2013: A study for Crohn’s saw significant clinical benefits in 8 weeks – but not complete remission
Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23648372
2013: A survey of patients using cannabis for IBS
Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24185313​
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2013: Hergenrather on Crohn’s & IBD considerations
Hergenrather presents study of Crohn’s patients as a template for clinical research on Cannabis
https://www.beyondthc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Hergenrather-CME.pdf
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2013: The levels of endocannabinoids in the plasma of patients corresponded to their pain levels
Endocannabinoid and cannabinoid-like fatty acid amide levels correlate with pain-related symptoms in patients with IBS-D and IBS-C: a pilot study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386448
2012: Small pilot study finds inhaled cannabis helps improve quality of life in IBD patients
Impact of cannabis treatment on the quality of life, weight and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot prospective study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095142
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2011: This observational study is the first look at cannabis for Crohn’s in humans and sees a positive effect
Treatment of Crohn's disease with cannabis: an observational study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910367
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2011: This survey found many IBD patients using cannabis for symptom relief
Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795981
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2005: Hergenrather presents first survey of anecdotal evidence of cannabis for Crohn’s
Cannabis Alleviates Symptoms Of Crohn’s Disease
https://beyondthc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/JYH-Crohns-2005.pdf
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2024: For ulcerative colitis, a review of four studies found cannabinoids improved disease activity
Therapeutic Effects of Cannabinoids on Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
https://jhsmr.org/index.php/jhsmr/article/view/1041
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2024: For inflammatory bowel disease, a review of using cannabinoids
Cannabinoids for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scoping Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39029906/
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2024: For gut health, the complicated effects of cannabinoids on gastric motility, gastroparesis & the microbiome
Got the Munchies for an Egg Sandwich? The Effects of Cannabis on Bowel Motility and Beyond
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443102/
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2023: A review on CBD & intestinal motility as well as the help for diseases such as colitis
Cannabidiol and Intestinal Motility: a Systematic Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37786751/
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2023: For Crohn's disease, a review of four studies on the use of cannabinoids finds moderate help
Effect of cannabinoids in mild-to-moderate cases of Crohn's disease as compared to placebo: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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2024: In a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, the combination of Icaritin & an inhibitor of the MAGL enzyme (which breaks down 2-AG) reduced intestinal inflammation, intestinal permeability & pathological damage as well as improved clinical symptoms
Synergistic effect and mechanism of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor and Icaritin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016771
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2024: In a model of colitis, CBD reduced intestinal damage & cell death
Cannabidiol decreases histological intestinal injury in a neonatal experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38926744/
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2024: In a mouse model of colitis, PEA reduced clinical signs of colitis, lowered injury to the mucosal surfaces & suppressed white blood cell recruitment, suggesting its utility for controlling symptoms during the acute phase of intestinal inflammation
Amelioration of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice through Oral Administration of Palmitoylethanolamide
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38790962/
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2024: In a mouse model of colitis, nano-CBD protected the colon from damage, improved the gut microbiome & restored the intestinal mucosal barrier function & intestinal mucosal permeability
Multi-targeting inulin-based nanoparticles with cannabidiol for effective prevention of ulcerative colitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38318477/
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2024: In a mouse model of colitis, activating the CB2 receptor lowered colonic pain & combined well with morphine as a painkiller
A7 CANNABINOID 1 AND 2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS SYNERGISTICALLY INHIBIT COLONIC NOCICEPTION DURING ACUTE COLITIS
https://academic.oup.com/jcag/article/7/Supplement_1/4/7607402
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2024: In a mouse model of colitis, dietary CBD lessened their chronic inflammation & leaky guts via the PKA/AMPK pathway
Dietary Cannabidiol Activates PKA/AMPK Signaling and Attenuates Chronic Inflammation and Leaky Gut in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38175840/
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2024: A thesis project in a zebrafish model of colitis showed that blocking the CB1 receptor lessened intestinal inflammation & restored intestinal motility
Impact of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) signalling on intestinal inflammation and motility
https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/entities/publication/e9ac3905-efd5-4ff0-87c2-1713b1d6aaf4/details
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2024: In a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease, inhibiting the NAAA enzyme (which breaks down PEA & oleoylethanolamide) led to less liver scarring & decreased inflammation
Pharmacological Inhibition of N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) Mitigates Intestinal Fibrosis Through Modulation of Macrophage Activity
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2024: In a mouse model of colitis, high CBG/CBD hemp extract dramatically reduced disease severity & increased colon length & decreased colon tissue damage partially via alterations to the microbiome
High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009468/
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2024: In the aging gut, CB1 regulates the mucosal permeability via microRNA (regulators of genetic transcription)
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the aging gut regulates the mucosal permeability via miR-191-5p
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37693348/
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2023: In mice, diets high in linoleic acid dysregulated the endocannabinoid system of their intestines & increase their susceptibility to colitis
Diet high in linoleic acid dysregulates the intestinal endocannabinoid system and increases susceptibility to colitis in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37400966/
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2023: In a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome, CBD microemulsions with berberine decreased intestinal permeability, blocked inflammatory cytokines from the serum & displayed synergistic advantages & pharmacokinetics
Cannabidiol-Decorated Berberine-Loaded Microemulsions Improve IBS-D Therapy Through Ketogenic Diet-Induced Cannabidiol Receptors Overexpression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37273286/
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2023: In a mouse model of colitis, a mixture of CBD, CBG, CBC & CBDV helped with visceral pain
Non-Psychotropic cannabinoids attenuate visceral pain in colitis
https://prism.ucalgary.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/108e4508-f57b-47fe-862a-bd38d3de981f/content
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2023: In a mouse model of colitis, dietary CBD suppressed inflammation & enhanced gut barrier function via the PKA & AMPK signaling pathways
Dietary cannabidiol activates PKA/ERK/AMPK signaling and attenuates chronic inflammation and leaky gut in DSS-induced colitis mice
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.2023.38.S1.5789473
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2023: In a mouse model of colitis, the endocannabinoids of the guts helped to repair the depletion of the gut microbiota & gut immune system
Altered endocannabinoidome bioactive lipid levels accompany reduced DNBS-induced colonic inflammation in germ-free mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189092/
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2023: In a model of inflammatory bowel disease, white blood cell migration was inhibited by anandamide, CBD & AM-1241 (an activator of the CB2 receptor)
Development of a new cannabinoid-based therapy to treat inflammatory bowel disease
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.2023.38.S1.5733403
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2023: In a model of colitis, electroacupuncture helps repair the intestinal barrier via the gut microbiome & increased levels of the CB1 receptor
Electroacupuncture repairs intestinal barrier by upregulating CB1 through gut microbiota in DSS-induced acute colitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36894930/
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2022: In a computer simulation & a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, phycocyanin (a CB1 & CB2 activator from blue green algae) prevented pathological alterations the colon such as shortening as well as causing improvements to inflammation levels & the gut microbiome
Phycocyanin stimulates ulcerative colitis healing via selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2, intestinal mucosal healing, Treg accumulation, and p38MAPK/MK2 signaling inhibition
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35777583
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2022: In a mouse model of colitis/IBD, activating the CB2 receptor improved their immune response & lowered inflammatory mediators
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) Inverse Agonist SMM-189 Induces Expression of Endogenous CB2 and Protein Kinase A That Differentially Modulates the Immune Response and Suppresses Experimental Colitis
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/5/936/htm
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2022: In mice with inflamed bowels, acupuncture reduced their anxiety via the CB1 receptors in the hippocampus (memory center of the brain)
Electroacupuncture Reduces Anxiety Associated With Inflammatory Bowel Disease By Acting on Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in the Ventral Hippocampus in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35873560
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2022: In an animal model of colitis, CBD reduced pain responses
NON-PSYCHOTROPIC PHYTOCANNABINOIDS ATTENUATE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-INDUCED COLITIS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8859311/
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2022: In mice with gut inflammation & colitis, THC & CBD inhibited inflammatory macrophages (mobile white blood cells) & improved clinical scores - with cannabis extracts working better than isolated molecules (#entourage)
Differential Effects of D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and Cannabidiol (CBD)-Based Cannabinoid Treatments on Macrophage Immune Function In Vitro and on Gastrointestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892693
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2022: In mice with colitis, using nanovesicles (drug delivery balls) made of hemp helped to lessen oxidation & to protect against leaky gut & liver injury,
Hemp-Derived Nanovesicles Protect Leaky Gut and Liver Injury in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077356
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2022: In a mouse model of colitis, the terpene β-caryophyllene reduced inflammation via inhibition of ferroptosis (a type of cell death triggered by iron)
β-Caryophyllene Acts as a Ferroptosis Inhibitor to Ameliorate Experimental Colitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555694/
2021: In a rat model of anxiety from colitis, the increase in the FAAH enzyme led to lower levels of AEA & more anxiety
Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452437/
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2021: In a mouse model of colitis, THC prevented the disease via the immune cells & colon cells while CBD, at the doses tested, did not
Cannabinoid Receptor Activation on Haematopoietic Cells and Enterocytes Protects against Colitis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33331878
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2021: In intestinal cells, CBD was their most promising compound against inflammation & oxidative stress
Cannabidiol Isolated From Cannabis sativa L. Protects Intestinal Barrier From In Vitro Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995048/
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2021: In mice with inflamed colons, a combination of polydatin (a precursor of resveratrol) & ultra-micronized PEA decreased inflammation via several pathways
PEA/Polydatin: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Approach to Counteract DNBS-Induced Colitis
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/3/464
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2021: In mice with colitis, activating the CB2 receptor reduced the hypersensitivity of the gut tissue
Olorinab (APD371), a peripherally acting, highly selective, full agonist of the cannabinoid receptor 2, reduces colitis-induced acute and chronic visceral hypersensitivity in rodents
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863856/
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2020: CBD influences motility of the inflamed colon
Effects of O-1602 and CBD on TNBS-induced colonic disturbances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802588
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2020: CBD causes vasodilation in arteries of the lung and the bowel and this effect was reduced by high blood pressure and obesity
Vasodilatory effects of cannabidiol in human pulmonary and rat small mesenteric arteries: modification by hypertension and the potential pharmacological opportunities
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31800399
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2019: CB2 activation seems helpful for intestinal failures
The curative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist on functional failure and disruptive inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373049/
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2019: Cannabidivarin may be useful for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
The non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidivarin counteracts intestinal inflammation in mice and cytokine expression in biopsies from UC pediatric patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31553934
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2019: in rats with IBS, CB2 activation by AM1241 helped
Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptor relieves colonic hypermotility in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30793435/
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2019: CB2 agonists developed for use against ulcerative colitis
Benzofuran and pyrrole derivatives as cannabinoid receptor modulators with in vivo efficacy against ulcerative colitis
https://www.future-science.com/doi/abs/10.4155/fmc-2019-0172
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2017: In colon, CBD & PEA were anti-inflammatory
Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954820
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2017: A study looking at mechanisms of how THCA helps with IBDs
Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29082314
2016: In a mouse model of colitis, CBD extract decreased damage and reduced intestinal hypermotility better than isolated CBD
An Orally Active Cannabis Extract with High Content in Cannabidiol attenuates Chemically-induced Intestinal Inflammation and Hypermotility in the Mouse
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27757083/
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2016: The endocannabinoids OEA & PEA found to modulate intestinal permeability using the TRPV1 channel and the PPARα nuclear receptor
Oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine modulate intestinal permeability in vitro via TRPV1 and PPARα.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623929
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2014: In a model of a human colon, CBD & AEA reduced IL-17A which is linked to inflammatory bowel disease
Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238999
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2014: This team found that CBD, AEA, and the synthetic cannabinoid ACEA all help regulate autophagy. Intriguingly, AEA & ACEA both work via the CB1 receptor pathway – but CBD appears to increase autophagy via another unknown pathway
Cannabinoid-induced autophagy regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in intestinal epithelium.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833710
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2014: A synthetic inhibitor of FAAH reduces colitis in mouse model – strongly suggests it as a therapeutic target
Experimental colitis in mice is attenuated by changes in the levels of endocannabinoid metabolites induced by selective inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24530133
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2014: The endocannabinoid PEA helps intestinal motility via CB1 receptors & TRPV channels
Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide normalizes intestinal motility in a murine model of post-inflammatory accelerated transit: involvement of CB1 receptors and TRPV1.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24818658
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2014: The endocannabinoid PEA works orally for colitis in mouse
Palmitoylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid, is an orally effective intestinal anti-inflammatory agent.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205418
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2014: First proofs that the CB receptors are responsible for the protection and therapeutic action of cannabinoids in mouse models of colitis
Cannabinoids alleviate experimentally induced intestinal inflammation by acting at central and peripheral receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25275313
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2013: In rats, oral cannabis extract helped with colitis
Pro-resolution, protective and anti-nociceptive effects of a cannabis extract in the rat gastrointestinal tract
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23756391/
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2013: CBG for IBD
Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23415610
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2013: In tissue culture, an inflammation factor in IBD attenuated by CBD & AEA
Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238999
2012: CBD found helpful for colitis in mice using several ingestion methods
Topical and systemic cannabidiol improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22414698
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2012: “Phytocannabinoids have therapeutic potential for reversing the disordered intestinal permeability associated with inflammation”
Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation-induced intestinal permeability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745190
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2012: research on CB1 in the gut’s inflammation and permeability – found that AEA, 2AG, & CB1 activation play key modulatory roles in a healthy gut response
The role of CB1 in intestinal permeability and inflammation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404744
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2011: CBD found helpful for gut inflammation vie neuroimmune system
Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163000
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2010: Both THC & CBD found helpful for gut motility, inflammation, and damage in colitis mouse model
The effects of Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination on damage, inflammation and in vitro motility disturbances in rat colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590574
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2010: A different version of the CB1 receptor can change your likelihood of getting colitis and Crohn’s
The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CNR1) 1359 G/A polymorphism modulates susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and the phenotype in Crohn's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195480
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2009: The genetic variant of your FAAH enzyme can lead to worse outcomes in IBD/Crohn’s
The role of fatty acid hydrolase gene variants in inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053981
2009: CBD is protective in mice with colitis
Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690824
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2008: Targeting the ECS shows protection against colitis in mice
Targeting endocannabinoid degradation protects against experimental colitis in mice: involvement of CB1 and CB2 receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18493729
2005: A biopsy of Crohn’s patients found many cannabinoid receptors in the diseased tissue
Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing